Recent Articles from TokenRing AI

The landscape of Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance in late 2025 is a study in contrasts, with the U.S. federal government actively seeking to streamline regulations to foster innovation, while individual states like Pennsylvania are moving swiftly to establish concrete guardrails for AI's use in critical sectors. These parallel, yet distinct, approaches highlight the urgent and [...]

The creative industries stand on the precipice of a monumental transformation, driven by the relentless march of artificial intelligence. From the visionary predictions of legendary game designer Hideo Kojima regarding AI's role in crafting future remakes and sequels, to World Wrestling Entertainment's (NYSE: TKO) reported ventures into AI-generated storylines, the landscape of artistic creation is [...]

The healthcare industry is experiencing a profound transformation, propelled by the accelerating adoption of artificial intelligence. While AI's potential has long been discussed, recent advancements in generative AI are now yielding tangible benefits, delivering measurable returns across clinical and administrative domains. This shift is further amplified by the emerging paradigm of 'agentic AI,' which promises [...]

The artificial intelligence revolution, while promising unprecedented technological advancements, is simultaneously fanning fears of an economic phenomenon reminiscent of the dot-com bust: an "AI bubble." As of October 17, 2025, a growing chorus of financial experts, including the Bank of America, UBS, and JPMorgan CEO Jamie Dimon, are sounding alarms over the soaring valuations of [...]

The landscape of human-device interaction is on the cusp of a profound transformation, moving beyond the familiar realm of taps, swipes, and typed commands. At the heart of this revolution is the emergence of 'agentic AI' – a paradigm shift from reactive tools to proactive, autonomous partners. Leading this charge is Qualcomm (NASDAQ: QCOM), which [...]

The rapid evolution of generative artificial intelligence (AI) has thrust the tech world into an era of unprecedented creative potential, but also profound ethical challenges. At the forefront of this evolving landscape, OpenAI, a leading AI research and deployment company, finds itself grappling with the complex issue of deepfakes, particularly those depicting deceased individuals. A [...]

The rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence has collided head-on with established intellectual property rights, culminating in a pivotal class-action lawsuit against Google (NASDAQ: GOOGL) by a coalition of artists and writers. This legal battle, which has been steadily progressing through the U.S. judicial system, alleges widespread copyright infringement, claiming that Google's generative AI models [...]

In a significant leap forward for artificial intelligence applications, Google (NASDAQ: GOOGL) has unveiled a suite of powerful new AI-driven features designed to fundamentally transform the travel planning experience. Announced primarily around late March and August-September of 2025, these innovations—including an enhanced "AI Mode" within Search, advanced travel capabilities in the Gemini app, and a [...]

October 17, 2025, finds the global artificial intelligence landscape at a critical inflection point, marked by a whirlwind of innovation tempered by increasingly urgent and polarized debates. As AI systems become deeply embedded across every facet of work and life, the immediate significance of discussions around their societal impact, ethical considerations, and potential risks has [...]

The global poultry processing industry is undergoing a profound transformation, propelled by the latest advancements in Artificial Intelligence. At the forefront of this revolution are sophisticated AI-powered predictive scheduling systems and intuitive voice-activated assistants, fundamentally reshaping how poultry products are brought to market. These innovations promise to deliver unprecedented levels of efficiency, food safety, and [...]

The global technological landscape is undergoing a monumental transformation, driven by an unprecedented surge in investment in semiconductor manufacturing plants (fabs) and research and development (R&D) centers. These massive undertakings, costing tens of billions of dollars each, are not merely industrial expansions; they are powerful engines of economic growth, job creation, and strategic innovation, setting [...]

The meteoric rise of artificial intelligence, particularly large language models and sophisticated deep learning applications, has ignited a parallel, often overlooked, crisis: an unprecedented surge in energy consumption. This insatiable appetite for power, coupled with the intricate and resource-intensive processes of advanced chip manufacturing, presents a formidable challenge to the tech industry's sustainability goals. Addressing [...]

The relentless pursuit of artificial general intelligence (AGI) and the explosive growth of large language models (LLMs) are pushing the boundaries of traditional computing, ushering in a transformative era for AI chip architectures. We are witnessing a profound shift beyond the conventional CPU and GPU paradigms, as innovators race to develop specialized, energy-efficient, and brain-inspired [...]

At the heart of the AI boom is the imperative for ever-increasing computational horsepower and energy efficiency. Modern AI, particularly in areas like large language models (LLMs) and generative AI, demands specialized processors far beyond traditional CPUs. Graphics Processing Units (GPUs), pioneered by companies like Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA), have become the de facto standard for [...]

The global technology landscape is undergoing a monumental transformation, driven by an unprecedented push for reindustrialization and the establishment of secure, resilient supply chains in the semiconductor industry. This strategic pivot, fueled by recent geopolitical tensions, economic vulnerabilities, and the insatiable demand for advanced computing power, particularly for artificial intelligence (AI), marks a decisive departure [...]

In the rapidly evolving landscape of artificial intelligence, a fundamental shift is underway: the increasingly tight integration of chip hardware and AI software. This symbiotic relationship, often termed hardware-software co-design, is no longer a mere optimization but a critical necessity for unlocking the next generation of AI capabilities. As AI models, particularly large language models [...]

In a landscape increasingly dominated by the relentless march of artificial intelligence, a new contender has emerged, challenging the established order of tech giants. Broadcom Inc. (NASDAQ: AVGO), a powerhouse in semiconductor and infrastructure software, has become the subject of intense speculation throughout 2024 and 2025, with market analysts widely proposing its inclusion in the [...]

In the relentless pursuit of artificial intelligence (AI) breakthroughs, the spotlight often falls on the dazzling capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and the generative wonders they unleash. Yet, beneath the surface of these computational marvels lies a sophisticated hardware backbone, meticulously engineered to sustain their insatiable demands. At the forefront of this critical infrastructure [...]

In the fiercely competitive realm of artificial intelligence, Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA) is not merely a hardware provider; it's a shrewd architect of the future, wielding a multi-billion-dollar venture capital portfolio to cement its market dominance and catalyze the next wave of AI innovation. As of October 2025, Nvidia's aggressive investment strategy, primarily channeled through its [...]

The intricate web of the global semiconductor industry is undergoing a profound re-evaluation as escalating US-China tech tensions compel major chipmakers to recalibrate their market presence. This strategic realignment is particularly evident in the critical server chip sector, where companies like Micron Technology (NASDAQ: MU) are making significant shifts, indicative of a broader fragmentation of [...]

Eliyan's innovative NuLink and NuLink-X PHY (physical layer) solutions are poised to fundamentally transform AI chip design by reinventing chip-to-chip and die-to-die connectivity. This groundbreaking modular semiconductor technology directly addresses critical bottlenecks in generative AI systems, offering unprecedented bandwidth, significantly lower power consumption, and enhanced design flexibility. Crucially, it achieves this high-performance interconnectivity on standard [...]

In a bold move reshaping the global technology landscape, Saudi Arabia is rapidly emerging as a formidable player in the artificial intelligence (AI) and semiconductor industries. Driven by its ambitious Vision 2030 economic diversification plan, the Kingdom is actively cultivating strategic partnerships with global tech giants, most notably with Intel (NASDAQ: INTC). These collaborations are [...]

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) (NYSE: TSM) is rapidly accelerating its ambitious expansion in Arizona, marking a monumental shift in global semiconductor manufacturing. At the heart of this endeavor is the pioneering development of 2-nanometer (N2) and even more advanced A16 (1.6nm) chip manufacturing processes within the United States. This strategic move is not merely [...]

In a landmark moment for the global technology industry and a significant stride towards bolstering American technological sovereignty, Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA) and Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (NYSE: TSM), or TSMC, have officially commenced the production of advanced AI chips within the United States. The unveiling of the first US-made Blackwell wafer in October 2025 marks [...]

The semiconductor industry is at the precipice of a fundamental and irreversible transformation, driven not just by the demand for Artificial Intelligence (AI) but by AI itself. This profound shift is ushering in the era of "AI-era silicon," where AI is becoming both the ultimate consumer of advanced chips and the architect of their creation. [...]

In the volatile landscape of today's financial markets, discerning value can be a complex endeavor. For investors eyeing the digital infrastructure sector, a critical question looms over Digital Realty Trust Inc. (NYSE: DLR), a global leader in data center solutions: Is its stock truly undervalued following recent market corrections, or have its robust growth prospects [...]

In a move that has sent ripples through both the sports and technology investment communities, Brera Holdings PLC, formerly a pioneer in multi-club sports ownership, has undergone a dramatic transformation. Rebranding as Solmate (NASDAQ: SLMT) and pivoting entirely to Solana-based crypto infrastructure, the company is making an audacious bet on the future of decentralized technology. [...]

In an increasingly competitive digital landscape, Paranovus Entertainment Technology Ltd. (PAVS: NASDAQ) is making a bold strategic maneuver, pivoting sharply towards the AI-powered entertainment industry and the burgeoning TikTok-driven social commerce sector. This ambitious shift, solidified by recent acquisitions and project announcements, underscores a clear intent to transcend geographical boundaries and capture a significant share [...]

New Delhi, October 17, 2025 – In a significant move aimed at bolstering the local economy and injecting much-needed liquidity into the trading community ahead of the auspicious Diwali festival, the Delhi government has disbursed a remarkable ₹738 crore in Goods and Services Tax (GST) refunds to traders. This proactive initiative, hailed as a "Diwali [...]

Mumbai, India – October 17, 2025 – Reliance Industries (NSE: RELIANCE) today announced a stellar performance for the second quarter of Fiscal Year 2026, reporting a consolidated net profit increase of 14.3% year-on-year (YoY). This robust growth, driven significantly by its consumer-facing businesses, notably its telecommunications arm Jio Platforms, has sent positive ripples across the [...]

In a landmark move that sends reverberations across the sports and technology landscapes, Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) has officially secured the exclusive United States streaming rights for Formula One, commencing with the 2026 season. The five-year agreement, announced today, October 17, 2025, sees the Cupertino giant outbid long-time F1 broadcaster ESPN (NYSE: DIS), signaling a significant [...]

Nashville, TN & Global — October 17, 2025 — The technology landscape is currently experiencing a dynamic period of strategic expansion, with major players like Napster and Amazon making significant moves that promise to reshape regional economies and job markets. Napster Corp., having recently solidified its presence in Nashville, Tennessee, is positioning itself at the [...]

Dubai, UAE – October 17, 2025 – GITEX GLOBAL 2025, the world's largest and most influential technology event, concluded today in Dubai, marking its 45th edition with record international participation and a resounding focus on the acceleration towards "AI-native societies." Over five days, the event, co-located with the startup showcase Expand North Star, transformed the [...]

Amaravati, Andhra Pradesh – October 17, 2025 – In a landmark move set to redefine governance and development, the state of Andhra Pradesh has officially integrated its extensive network of Continuously Operating Reference System (CORS) stations into the national network managed by the Survey of India (SoI). The specific Memorandum of Understanding (MoU), signed on [...]

A novel AI framework, FROM-GLC Plus 3.0, developed by researchers from Tsinghua University and their collaborators, marks a significant leap forward in environmental monitoring. This innovative system integrates satellite imagery, near-surface camera data, and advanced artificial intelligence to provide near real-time, highly accurate global land cover maps. Its immediate significance lies in overcoming long-standing limitations [...]

Bengaluru, India – October 17, 2025 – Despite the transformative pressures of advanced artificial intelligence and the lingering complexities from the political landscape of former President Donald Trump's administration, Rajesh Nambiar, President of the National Association of Software and Service Companies (NASSCOM), expresses unwavering confidence in India's technology sector. Nambiar champions India's tech industry as [...]

In a groundbreaking assessment that underscores the profound economic impact of artificial intelligence, analysts at JPMorgan (NYSE: JPM) have estimated that the meteoric rise of leading AI stocks has injected an astounding $5 trillion into US household wealth over the past year. This unprecedented surge highlights AI's transformative power, not just in technological innovation, but [...]

BOCA CHICA, TX – October 17, 2025 – In a development poised to revolutionize space exploration, Elon Musk’s aptly named 'Bakery' in Florida is in full swing, mass-producing advanced ceramic heat shield tiles that are critical to the rapid reusability of SpaceX (NASDAQ:SPCX) Starship. This highly automated facility represents a pivotal shift in aerospace manufacturing, [...]

The week of October 17th, 2025, has underscored a pivotal moment in identity management and information security, as industry leaders like Saviynt, HID, and Qualys unveiled significant advancements reflecting a rapidly evolving cyber landscape. The overarching theme is clear: artificial intelligence is no longer just a tool but a fundamental component of both offense and [...]

In a monumental stride forward for the electric vehicle (EV) industry, a groundbreaking new silver-ion battery technology has been unveiled today, October 17, 2025, promising to redefine the longevity and safety of EV power sources. This revolutionary development boasts an unprecedented ability to retain an astounding 96% of its original capacity after 1,300 charge cycles, [...]

In a monumental shift poised to redefine the AI semiconductor landscape, Intel Foundry has officially secured a pivotal contract to manufacture Microsoft's (NASDAQ: MSFT) next-generation AI accelerator, Maia 2, utilizing its cutting-edge 18A process node. This announcement, solidifying earlier speculation as of October 17, 2025, marks a significant validation of Intel's (NASDAQ: INTC) ambitious IDM [...]

The digital music landscape is at a critical juncture, facing an unprecedented deluge of low-quality, often deceptive, AI-generated content. This phenomenon, dubbed the "slop problem," threatens to dilute the listening experience for users and undermine the livelihoods of authentic artists. In a decisive move to reclaim the integrity of its platform and the wider music [...]

Menlo Park, CA – October 17, 2025 – In a landmark move poised to redefine the landscape of digital safety for young users, Meta Platforms (NASDAQ: META) today announced the introduction of comprehensive parental controls for its burgeoning ecosystem of AI chatbots. This significant update, scheduled for a phased rollout beginning in early 2026, primarily [...]

The rapid advancements in artificial intelligence, particularly in generative AI models capable of producing hyper-realistic video content, have thrust society into a profound ethical and regulatory quandary. At the forefront of this discussion is OpenAI's (NASDAQ: MSFT) groundbreaking text-to-video model, Sora 2, which has demonstrated an astonishing ability to conjure vivid, lifelike scenes from mere [...]

The global cybersecurity landscape has entered a new and perilous era, characterized by the dramatic escalation of artificial intelligence (AI) in cyberattacks orchestrated by state-sponsored actors, particularly from Russia and China. Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT) has issued urgent warnings, highlighting AI's role as a "force multiplier" for adversaries, enabling unprecedented levels of sophistication, scale, and evasion [...]

The relentless march of artificial intelligence continues to reshape the global technology landscape, with recent developments signaling a critical pivot towards robust and sustainable infrastructure to support its insatiable energy demands. As of October 17, 2025, a landmark $5 billion pact between Brookfield Asset Management and Bloom Energy, JPMorgan's evolving insights into AI stock valuations, [...]

In a landmark development set to redefine diagnostic reporting and regulatory adherence in the medical field, Smart Reporting announced yesterday, October 16, 2025, its definitive agreement to acquire Fluency for Imaging. This strategic merger will culminate in the formation of a new entity, JacobianTM, poised to become a dominant force in AI-powered radiology reporting and [...]

In a rapidly evolving legal technology landscape, Alexi AI is aggressively positioning itself to become the undisputed leader, particularly in the realm of AI-powered litigation support. With a strategy centered on proprietary Advanced Legal Reasoning (ALR) and robust private cloud deployments, Alexi is not merely aiming to automate tasks but to fundamentally transform the entire [...]

San Francisco, CA – October 17, 2025 – In a development poised to fundamentally alter the landscape of artificial intelligence, Encord, a leading MLOps platform, has today unveiled a groundbreaking methodology dubbed EBind. This innovative approach allows for the training of powerful multimodal AI models on a single GPU, drastically reducing the computational and financial [...]

The integration of Artificial Intelligence (AI) into education is no longer a futuristic concept but a rapidly unfolding reality, profoundly reshaping learning and teaching across the globe. This transformative trend, characterized by personalized learning, automated administrative tasks, and data-driven insights, is poised to redefine academic landscapes. At the forefront of this revolution is South Korea, [...]

In a landmark achievement poised to reshape the global technology landscape, Kaynes Semicon (NSE: KAYNES) (BSE: 540779), an emerging leader in India's semiconductor sector, has successfully dispatched India's first commercial multi-chip module (MCM) to Alpha & Omega Semiconductor (AOS), a prominent US-based firm. This pivotal event, occurring around October 15-16, 2025, signifies a monumental leap [...]

San Jose, CA & Beijing, China – October 17, 2025 – Micron Technology (NASDAQ: MU), a global leader in memory and storage solutions, is reportedly in the process of fully withdrawing from the server chip business in mainland China. This strategic retreat comes as a direct consequence of a ban imposed by the Chinese government [...]

Hsinchu, Taiwan – October 17, 2025 – Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) (NYSE: TSM), the world's leading dedicated semiconductor foundry, has once again demonstrated its pivotal role in the global technology landscape with an exceptionally strong performance in the third quarter of 2025. The company reported record-breaking consolidated revenue and net income, significantly exceeding market [...]

The global semiconductor landscape is once again a battleground, with renewed geopolitical tensions threatening to reshape supply chains and challenge technological independence, particularly across Europe. As the world races towards an AI-driven future, access to cutting-edge chips has become a strategic imperative, fueling an intense rivalry between major economic powers. This escalating competition, marked by [...]

HSINCHU, Taiwan – October 17, 2025 – Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC) (NYSE: TSM), the world's leading dedicated semiconductor foundry, announced robust financial results for the third quarter of 2025 on October 16, 2025. The earnings report, released just a day before the current date, revealed significant growth driven primarily by unprecedented demand for advanced [...]

San Clemente, CA – October 17, 2025 – indie Semiconductor (NASDAQ: INDI) has unveiled a groundbreaking advancement in photonic technology with the launch of its new Visible Distributed Feedback (DFB) gallium nitride-based (GaN) laser diodes. Announced on October 14, 2025, this "quantum-ready" component is poised to redefine precision and stability standards, acting as a foundational [...]

Smart Logistics Global Limited (NASDAQ: SLGB), a Hong Kong-based business-to-business contract logistics provider, today successfully closed its $5 million Initial Public Offering (IPO) on the Nasdaq Capital Market. The offering, which saw the company sell 1,000,000 ordinary shares at an offering price of $5.00 per share, marks a significant milestone for the firm, providing a [...]

Sam Altman, CEO of OpenAI (private), has ignited a firestorm of debate within the artificial intelligence community and beyond with his staunch defense of ChatGPT's proposed plans to allow "erotica for verified adults." The controversy erupted following Altman's initial announcement on X (formerly Twitter) that OpenAI intended to "safely relax" most content restrictions, explicitly mentioning [...]

Veldhoven, Netherlands – October 16, 2025 – ASML Holding N.V. (AMS: ASML), the Dutch giant and sole manufacturer of advanced Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) lithography systems, has seen its stock climb significantly this week, driven by a stellar third-quarter earnings report, unprecedented demand for its cutting-edge technology, and an optimistic outlook fueled by the insatiable appetite [...]

The burgeoning field of quantum computing has recently captured the fervent attention of investors, leading to an unprecedented surge in the stock valuations of key players. Leading this remarkable ascent is Rigetti Computing (NASDAQ: RGTI), whose shares have witnessed an extraordinary rally, reflecting a growing institutional confidence and a palpable excitement surrounding the commercialization of [...]

A growing chorus of financial experts and institutions are sounding the alarm, warning that the current fervent investment in Artificial Intelligence (AI) companies, characterized by soaring valuations and speculative enthusiasm, bears striking resemblances to historical market bubbles and could precipitate the next global stock market crash. Concerns are mounting that many AI company shares are [...]

Mountain View, CA – In a remarkable display of market confidence and strategic execution, Alphabet (NASDAQ: GOOGL), Google's parent company, has seen its stock price surge throughout 2024 and into 2025, largely propelled by groundbreaking advancements in artificial intelligence and a robust revival in its core advertising business. This impressive performance has firmly cemented Google's [...]

SEATTLE, WA – October 16, 2025 – In a significant move poised to reshape the real estate industry, Zillow Group (NASDAQ: Z) officially launched its groundbreaking 'ZillowPro' AI product suite yesterday, October 15, 2025. Designed explicitly for real estate agents, this comprehensive platform aims to deeply integrate artificial intelligence into daily operations, offering a suite [...]

San Francisco, CA – October 16, 2025 – Salesforce (NYSE: CRM) sent ripples through the tech industry yesterday, October 15, 2025, announcing an ambitious long-term revenue target exceeding $60 billion by fiscal year 2030. Unveiled during its Investor Day at Dreamforce 2025, this bold projection, which notably excludes the anticipated $8 billion Informatica acquisition, immediately [...]

Redmond, WA – October 16, 2025 – In a stark warning echoing across the digital landscape, Microsoft (NASDAQ: MSFT) has today released its annual Digital Threats Report, revealing a dramatic escalation in cyberattacks against U.S. companies, governments, and individuals, increasingly propelled by advanced artificial intelligence (AI) capabilities. The report, building on earlier findings from February [...]

Redwood Shores, CA – October 16, 2025 – Oracle Corporation (NYSE: ORCL) has sent shockwaves through the technology world with its audacious projection of reaching $166 billion in Oracle Cloud Infrastructure (OCI) revenue by fiscal year 2030. This ambitious target, announced today, comes on the heels of a monumental $300 billion AI cloud computing and [...]

San Francisco, CA – October 16, 2025 – Alison.ai officially unveiled its groundbreaking 'Creative Genome Technology' on October 3, 2025, marking a pivotal moment for the advertising and marketing industries. This innovative platform, featuring an Agentic AI strategist and a sophisticated video generation engine, is poised to fundamentally alter how brands approach paid media, aiming [...]

Elon Musk's artificial intelligence startup, xAI, is reportedly pursuing an monumental $20 billion deal to lease Nvidia (NASDAQ: NVDA) chips, a move that dramatically reshapes the landscape of AI infrastructure and intensifies the global race for computational supremacy. This colossal agreement, which began to surface in media reports around October 7-8, 2025, and continued through [...]

The Artificial Intelligence as a Service (AIaaS) market is experiencing an unprecedented surge, poised to become a cornerstone of technological innovation and business transformation. This cloud-based model, which delivers sophisticated AI capabilities on demand, is rapidly democratizing access to advanced intelligence, allowing businesses of all sizes to integrate machine learning, natural language processing, and computer [...]

Apple (NASDAQ: AAPL) is reportedly gearing up for a monumental shift in its product strategy, with rumors pointing to a high-end MacBook Pro featuring a touch-enabled OLED display and a sleek hole-punch camera cutout. Expected to launch in late 2026 or early 2027, this development marks a significant departure from Apple's long-standing philosophy of keeping [...]

As humanity's gaze turns ever skyward, the integration of artificial intelligence into the fabric of space exploration and satellite technology is no longer a distant dream but an accelerating reality. The upcoming In-Space Physical AI Workshop, scheduled for November 6-7, 2025, at The Ion in Houston, Texas, stands as a pivotal moment in charting this [...]

In a significant stride towards enhancing rider accessibility and convenience, American Honda Motor Co., Inc. (NYSE: HMC) has unveiled its groundbreaking E-Clutch technology, set to debut on the popular Honda Rebel 300 as part of its 2026 lineup. Announced on October 15, 2025, with models expected to arrive in U.S. dealerships by December 2025, this [...]

Artificial intelligence (AI) stands at the precipice of a profound transformation in healthcare, promising a future where diagnostics are sharper, treatments are more personalized, and patient care is more accessible and efficient. This digital revolution, however, is unfolding amidst a complex landscape of groundbreaking scientific advancements and pervasive misinformation, making it crucial to discern genuine [...]

The U.S. Army is embracing artificial intelligence (AI) to revolutionize its enlisted promotion boards, marking a significant stride towards a more data-driven and efficient talent management system. This strategic integration aims to "augment" the selection process, streamlining the review of thousands of soldier records and enabling human board members to focus on the most qualified [...]

The landscape of last-mile delivery is undergoing a profound transformation as DoorDash (NYSE: DASH) and Waymo, Alphabet's (NASDAQ: GOOGL) pioneering autonomous driving technology company, deepen their collaboration with an autonomous vehicle delivery pilot program in Metro Phoenix. This strategic partnership represents a significant leap towards a multi-modal autonomous future for local commerce, integrating Waymo's proven [...]